#AVR CONTROL SYSTEM GENERATOR#

Algorithms such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), grey wolf optimization (GWO), improved GWO (IGWO), teaching-learning based optimization (TLBO), artificial bee colony optimization (ABC), backtracking search algorithm (BSA), imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), lightning search algorithm (LSA), simulated annealing (SA), flower pollination algorithm (FPA), hybrid firefly- pattern search (hFA-PS), HGA-PSO etc. However, the performance of the controllers relies heavily on optimum gain values, which can be obtained by employing soft computing techniques. Intelligence-based controllers have also been implemented such as fuzzy PI/ fuzzy PID, and FAMCON tool box based controllers such as fractional order (FO)PI/ FOPID controllers. Conventional controllers such as I/PI /PID / PID with filter (PIDN) and higher order degree of freedom (DOF) controllers have been reported. In both LFC and AVR loops, design of secondary regulator plays a critical role in damping out the frequency and terminal voltage deviations under varying load demand. This motivates the examination of a two-area system with hybrid power generation sources in the presence of CTDs with combined effect, as the effect of CTDs on a multi-area LFC and AVR combined model has not been reported. Most work on AGC and on combined LFC and AVR of interconnected systems mainly concentrate on the nonlinearities of GRC and GDB and give lower priority to the consideration of CTDs. In, a combined three-area interconnected system with multi-type generation units considering GRC and GDB is studied, but CTDs are not considered. A two-area combined model is investigated in, but the system nonlinearity is not considered. References analyze the combined power system model, but they limit to a single area. Many studies have been carried out on either LFC or AVR, but investigations into their combined effect have been limited. However, in, only the LFC problem is investigated while the AVR coupling is not considered.

References consider the incorporation of power generation through gas and nuclear plants in conventional hydrothermal systems. In, the investigation is extended to incorporate wind, solar photovoltaics (PV), aqua-electrolyzes and fuel cells. Two areas of equal generation capacity with hydrothermal units of reheat turbines are considered for investigation in but system nonlinearity is not considered. References analyze multi-area thermal plant possessing non-reheat turbine structure with and without considering GRCs and GDB nonlinearity, respectively. Various investigations on different test systems have been carried out. LFC of a thermal power system was first examined in and then was extended to multi-area interconnected systems with multi-type generation units.

#AVR CONTROL SYSTEM GENERATOR#

The system terminal voltage is regulated by generator AVR through changing the generator field excitation current. The control over frequency can be achieved by minimizing active power mismatch between demand and generation through regulating the generator speed governor via LFC. As the system load is never constant, maintaining system stability, which depends on maintaining both frequency and system terminal voltage, is the most challenging task. Each control area is intended to be associated with other control areas through tie-lines, where power exchanges between control areas take place. These generation units are usually grouped to form coherent groups or control areas, while all generators in control areas must run in synchrony. A modern power system incorporates a variety of power generation units interconnected together to provide high quality power to meet varying load demand.

Avr control system